Transmission of a pathogen in Bombus terrestris,with a note on division of labour in social insects

Summary Parasites of social insect workers can be transmitted within the colony to other, related host individuals or, alternatively, to unrelated workers of other colonies. Division of labour affects the probability of transmission, as young individuals often work inside the nest whereas older ones often leave the nest to forage. Therefore, the relative probabilities of transmission within-vs. between-nests is also affected by the delay between host infection and the shedding of propagules, i.e. the latent period of the parasite strain. We therefore hypothesized that strains of the flagellate parasite Crithidia bombi (Trypanosomatidae, Zoomastigophorea) infecting workers of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera, Apidae) could differ in their delays and coexist in a population. This would be the case if strains that are shed after a short time delay were more efficiently transmitted to other colony members, whereas strains with long delays were more efficiently transmitted to non-related workers in the population. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally varying time delay and by allowing transmission to either sister workers from the same nest or unrelated workers from other nests. Transmission of C. bombi was measured as the number of parasitic cells shed by the exposed workers after a standard period. The results showed that relatedness as such had no effect, but that delay and nest identity were highly significant effects to explain variation in transmission success. There was a significant interaction between nest identity and delay, such that bees of some colonies acted as efficient transmitters for C. bombi under short delays and vice versa. We discuss how division of labour may affect parasitism in social insects and, vice versa, how division of labour may be under selection from the effects of parasitism, using available evidence from the literature. Correspondence to: P. Schmid-Hempel     

环境噪声自动监测系统研究进展

主要介绍噪声监测系统的发展情况、系统结构、功能特点,并着重介绍了无线传输技术在噪声监测系统中的应用。     

PERSISTING SEDIMENT YIELDS AND SEDIMENT DELWERY CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: The Buffalo River is a tributary to the Mississippi River in west-central Wisconsin that drains a watershed dominated by agricultural land uses. Since 1935, backwater from Lock and Dam 4 on the Mississippi River has inundated the mouth of the Buffalo's valley. Resurveys of a transect first surveyed across the lake in 1935 and cesium-137 dating of backwater sediments reveal that sedimentation rates at the Buffalo's mouth have remained unchanged since the mid-1940s. Study results indicate that sediment yields from the watershed have persisted at relatively high levels over a period of several decades despite pronounced trends toward less cultivated land and major efforts to control soil erosion from agricultural land. The maintenance of sediment yields is probably due to increased channel conveyance capacities resulting from incision along some tributary streams since the early 1950s. Post-1950 incision extended the network of historical incised tributary channels, enhancing the efficient delivery of sediment from upland sources to downstream sites.     

EVALUATION OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR RESTORATION DESIGN ALTERNATIVES USING HEC-21

ABSTRACT: The rehabilitation of urban stream channels and riparian areas involves a potentially large number of design alternatives. When substantial modifications are planned, water surface profile models (e.g., HEC-2) provide a means for a thorough and efficient evaluation of many design variations. The rehabilitation of a reach of Paradise Creek, Idaho, utilized the REC-2 model to verify the appropriateness of a new channel geometry and explore the consequences of variable floodplain geometries and excavation depths. The desirability of habitat diversity, coupled with the constraints of minimized earthwork costs and adequate flow capacity, framed the floodplain design question. The final design geometry was iteratively approached using the HEC-2 model to mimic the existing channel capacity. This modeling framework produces as output computed water surface elevations for the design channel and floodplain under any discharge. Hence, the method provides the means for demonstrating that rehabilitation designs will (or will not) cause increases in flood elevations, an assessment that is generally required for project approval.     

FEE FISHING AREAS IN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: Fishing is a popular form of recreation in the state of Illinois. Despite seemingly endless varieties of fishing opportunities, limited public access, distant location of lakes with respect to population centers, chemical contaminants in some waters, and the desire for species not naturally found in Illinois have engendered an alternate form of recreational land use, the daily fee fishing area. A fee area is any privately controlled body of water or waters where a fee is charged for fishing. Such operations must Low licensed by the state of Illinois. Fee areas are almost entirely comprised of existing man-made impoundments, particularly farm ponds. They are usually stocked on a put and take basis. The most common species utilized in Illinois are carp and channel catfish. Fee areas are concentrated in the southwestern part of the state and near major metropolitan centers. Even though the number of fee areas has declined during the past decade, the role of such operations remains important to the overall picture of fishing in Illinois.     

THE ROLE OF MINIMUM VARIANCE THEORY IN DEFINING THE REGIME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOWER NAMOI-GWYDIR DRAINAGE BASIN1

ABSTRACT: While minimum variance theory appears to offer an explanation for the hydraulic behaviour and regularity among channel systems it is not entirely successful in predicting the regime of a channel system. In the case of the Namoi-Gwydir river system the hydraulic variables velocity, depth, width, slope, friction, and shear appear to govern the behaviour and, hence regime of the channels. The significance of sediment load in determining regime could not be assessed.     

HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE FLOOD ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN SOUTHWESTERN OKLAHOMA1

ABSTRACT: Winter Creek is a tributary of the Washita River in south-western Oklahoma. The Soil Conservation Service installed floodwater retarding structures which controlled runoff from 56 percent of a 33-square-mile (8550-hectare) gaged drainage area. Application of a hydrologic model to the flood peaks indicated that the structural treatment reduced the flood peaks an average of 61 percent. The Winter Creek channel has narrowed and deepened since the structural treatment was applied. The severe bank erosion occurring before treatment has been arrested and sediment yield from the watershed has been reduced 50 to 60 percent. In some reaches of the channel there has been a dense growth of trees in recent years.     

Analysis of the velocity field in a large rectangular channel with lateral shockwave

In this work the authors describe the main characteristics of the velocity field of hydraulic jumps in a very large channel where lateral shockwaves occur. Experiments were carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Water Engineering and Chemistry Department of the Technical University of Bari (Italy). Extensive flow velocity measurements were investigated in order to have a clearer understanding of both hydraulic jump development and lateral shockwave formation in a very large channel. Eight experiments were performed in a 4m wide rectangular channel; the experiments differed in the inlet Froude number F ₀ and the jump type. Seven tests were carried out with undular jumps and one with a roller jump. The flow velocity and the flow free surface measurements were taken using a two-dimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) and an ultrasonic profiler, respectively. The experimental results can be summarized as follow: (i) the formation of well developed lateral shockwaves similar to those of oblique jumps were observed; (ii) the comparison of the experimental and theoretical data shows that the classic shockwave theory is sufficiently confirmed in the analyzed range of Reynolds number, taking into account the experimental errors and the difference between the theoretical and experimental assumptions; (iii) the transversal flow velocity profiles in the recirculating zone show a good agreement with the numerical simulations presented in literature in the case of a separated turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate. This conclusion enables us to confirm the hypothesis that the lateral shockwaves in the channel are the result of a boundary layer which, as observed, forms on the channel sidewalls.     

长江口邻近水域浮游植物群落动态变化及其环境因子的研究

根据1998-2003年长江口邻近水域(30°-32°N,121°27′-122°30′E),丰水期和枯水期10个航次、20个点位的海洋监测结果,对浮游植物动态变化及其环境影响因子进行了研究。6年内共检出浮游植物238种,其中大部分为硅藻。研究结果表明,深水航道附近水域中,浮游植物种类、丰度和生物多样性均呈下降趋势。相反,航道内浮游植物总丰度呈直线上升(R=0.81,P<0.05)。对航道内12个环境因子做主成分分析,盐度、溶解氧、硅酸盐和浊度为主要环境主要因子。其中浊度和硅酸盐与浮游植物群落变化关系密切,是影响浮游植物群落动态变化的关键因子,并受深水航道工程影响。     

宿迁市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源分析

为了研究宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源,于2017年5月至2018年1月在宿迁市水汽通道上的3个监测点位采集了171份PM_2.5样品,分析了PM_2.5质量浓度以及9种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明,宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的年均浓度为（44.08±34.61）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5质量的41.8%,9种水溶性离子浓度大小排序为ρ（NO₃^-） > ρ（SO₄^2-） > ρ（NH₄⁺） > ρ（Cl^-） > ρ（Na⁺） > ρ（Ca²⁺） > ρ（K⁺） > ρ（F^-） > ρ（Mg²⁺）,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺是主要的离子组分,占总水溶性无机离子浓度的75.6%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）年均值为1.53±0.88,表明移动污染源对PM_2.5的贡献高于固定污染源.水溶性无机离子相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺与NO₃^-、SO₄^2-可能以（NH₄）₂ SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.结合主成分分析,水溶性无机离子主要来源于二次转化、工业源、生物质燃烧和扬尘.PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度在冬季呈显著正相关,水汽传输在冬季更容易对PM_2.5浓度增长有促进作用.